中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)大全之一：形容詞和副詞
(一) 形容詞和副詞
I. 要點(diǎn)
A. 形容詞
1、 形容詞的用法
形容詞是用來(lái)修飾、描繪名詞的，通常在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓補(bǔ)，有時(shí)還可作狀語(yǔ)。如：
He is honest and hardworking.
I found the book interesting.
某些形容詞與定冠詞連用表示一類人作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，謂語(yǔ)通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：
The rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.
The English like to be with their families.
多個(gè)形容詞作定語(yǔ)修飾名詞的順序：
冠詞+序數(shù)詞+基數(shù)詞+性質(zhì)狀態(tài)(描述性)+形狀大小+新舊老少+顏色+國(guó)籍+材料+名詞。如： the second five interesting big new red Chinese wall papers.
2、 形容詞比較等級(jí)的形式
(1) 規(guī)則形式
一般說(shuō)來(lái)，單音節(jié)詞及少數(shù)雙音節(jié)詞在后加-er; --est 來(lái)構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)；其他雙音節(jié)詞及多音節(jié)詞在前加more, most.如：
great-greater-greatest
busy-busier-busiest
important-more important-(the)most important
(2) 不規(guī)則形式
good (well)-better-best
bad (ill)-worse-worst
many (much)-more-most
little-less-least
(3) 形容詞比較等級(jí)的用法
①表示兩者的比較，用形容詞的比較級(jí)+than. 如：
He is cleverer than the other boys.
This one is more beautiful than that one.
②表示兩者以上的比較，用"the +形容詞最高級(jí)(+名詞)+of(in) …"如：
He is the cleverest boy in his class.
③表示兩者是同等程度，用"as +形容詞原級(jí)+as". 如：
He is as tall as I.
I have as many books as you.
④ 越… 越…
例如：The more I learn, the happier I am.
⑤ You can never be too careful. 越小心越好
又如：You can never praise the teacher too highly.
你怎么贊揚(yáng)這個(gè)老師也不過(guò)分。
⑥ I have never spent a more worrying day.
那一天是最令我擔(dān)心的一天。
I have never had a better dinner.
這是我吃過(guò)的最好的一頓飯。
⑦ My English is no better than yours.
我的英語(yǔ)和你的英語(yǔ)都不怎么樣。 B.副詞
1、 副詞的種類
(1) 時(shí)間副詞 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等
(2) 地點(diǎn)副詞 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。
(3) 方式副詞 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。
(4) 程度副詞 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。
2、 副詞比較等級(jí)的用法
其用法與形容詞相似，只是副詞最高級(jí)前可省略定冠詞。如：
Of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.
We must work harder.
3、 某些副詞在用法上的區(qū)別
(1) already, yet, still
already表示某事物已經(jīng)發(fā)生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事發(fā)生，主要用于否定句和疑問(wèn)句；still表示某事還在進(jìn)行，主要用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，有時(shí)也可用于否定句。如：
We’ve already watched that film.
I haven’t finished my homework yet.
He still works until late every night.
(2) too, as well, also, either
too, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑問(wèn)句，too和as well多用于口語(yǔ)，一般放在句末，而also多用于書面語(yǔ)，一般放在句中與動(dòng)詞連用。either用于否定句和否定的疑問(wèn)句，往往放在句末。如：He went there too.
He didn’t go there either.
I like you as well.
I also went there.
(3) hard, hardly
hardly意為"幾乎"與hard在詞義上完全不同。如：
I work hard every day.
I can hardly remember that.
(4) late, lately
lately意為"最近、近來(lái)"，late意為"晚、遲"。如：
He never comes late.
Have you been to the museum lately?
例1 Tom’s father thinks he is already ____
A high enough B tall enough
C enough high C enough tall
解析：該題正確答案是B。修飾人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修飾形容詞要放在形容詞后面。因此該題選B。
例2 ____ the worse I seem to be.
A When I take more medicine
B The more medicine I take
C Taking more of the medicine
D More medicine taken
解析：該題正確答案為B。"the+形容詞比較級(jí)+… , the +形容詞比較級(jí)+…"意為越…，越…。該句意為：吃的藥越多，我的病越是加重。
例3"I haven’t been to London yet".
"I haven’t been there ____".
A too B also C either D neither
解析：該題正確答案為C。A和B都用于肯定句中。D-neither本身意為否定"兩者都不"，而C-either則用于否定句中，意為"也"。
例4 Mr Smith was ____ moved at the news.
A deep B deeply C very deep D quite deeply
解析：該題正確答案為B。A. deep用于副詞時(shí)，修飾具體的深，如dig deep,而B-deeply則修飾表示感情色彩的詞，如該題為deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而D-quite和deeply均為副詞，不能互相修飾。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)大全之二：介詞
(二) 介詞
I. 要點(diǎn)
1、介詞和種類
(1) 簡(jiǎn)單介詞，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。
(2) 復(fù)合介詞，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。
2、介詞和其他詞類的習(xí)慣搭配關(guān)系
(1) 和動(dòng)詞的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。
(2) 和形容詞的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at
(3) 和名詞的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.
3、介詞短語(yǔ)可以有自己的修飾語(yǔ)，這種修飾語(yǔ)通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少數(shù)幾個(gè)副詞。如：
He came right after dinner.
He lives directly opposite the school.
4、 某些介詞的意義與用法舉例
(1) at, on, in(表時(shí)間)
表示時(shí)間點(diǎn)用at,如at four o’clock, at midnight等；表示不確定的時(shí)間或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at Christmas等。
指某天用on, 如on Monday, on the end of November, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on Friday morning, on the afternoon of September lst等。
指長(zhǎng)于或短于一天的時(shí)段用in,如in the afternoon, in February, in Summer, in 1999等。
(2) between, among(表位置)
between僅用于二者之間，但說(shuō)三者或三者以上中的每?jī)蓚€(gè)之間的相互關(guān)系時(shí)，也用between, 如
I’m sitting between Tom and Alice.
The village lies between three hills.
among用于三者或三者以上之間。如：
He is the best among the students.
(3) beside, besides
beside意為"在…旁邊"，而besides意為"除…之外"。如：
He sat beside me.
What do you want besides this?
(4)in the tree, on the tree
in the tree 指動(dòng)物或人在樹上，而on the tree 指果實(shí)、樹葉長(zhǎng)在樹上
(5)on the way, in the way, by the way, in this way
on the way 指在路上 in the way 指擋道
by the way 指順便問(wèn)一句 in this way 用這樣的方法
(6)in the corner, at the corner
in the corner 指在拐角內(nèi) at the corner 指在拐角外
(7)in the morning, on the morning
in the morning 是一般說(shuō)法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨
(8)by bus, on the bus
by bus 是一般說(shuō)法 on the bus 特指乘某一輛車 II. 例題
例1 Do you know any other foreign language____ English?
A except B but C beside D besides
解析：A、B兩項(xiàng)except等于but，意為"除了…"，C-beside意為"在…旁邊"，不符合題意。而D-besides, 意為"除了…之外，還有"。所以該題正確答案為D。該題意為：除了英語(yǔ)外，你還知道別的語(yǔ)言嗎？
例2 He suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.
A on B at C in D during
解析：我們均知道，at night這一短語(yǔ)，但如果night前有修飾詞，表具體的夜晚，則要用介詞on來(lái)修飾，故該題正確答案為A。
例3 I’m looking forward ____your letter.
A to B in C at D on
解析：該題正確答案為A。look forward to 為固定搭配，意為"期望、盼望"。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)大全之三：連詞
(三) 連詞
I. 要點(diǎn)
1、 連詞的種類
(1) 并列連詞用來(lái)連接并列關(guān)系的詞、短語(yǔ)或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。
(2) 從屬連詞用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。
除了從屬連詞(引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句)外，還有其它可以用來(lái)引導(dǎo)從句的詞類。它們是連接代詞和連接副詞(引導(dǎo)名詞性從句)，關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞(引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句)。
2、 常用連詞舉例
(1)and 和，并且
They drank and sang all night.
(2) both…and 和， 既…也…
Both my parents and I went there.
(3) but 但是，而
I’m sad, but he is happy.
(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…
Either you’re wrong, or I am.
(5) for因?yàn)?nbsp;
I asked him to stay, for I had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是
Af first, he didn’t want to go there. Later, however, he decided to go.
(7) neither…nor 既不…也不
Neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.
(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…
He not only sings well, but also dances well.
(9) or 或者，否則
Hurry up, or you’ll be late.
Are you a worker or a doctor?
(10) so 因此，所以
It’s getting late, so I must go.
(11) although 雖然
Although it was late, they went on working.
(12) as soon as 一 …就
I’ll tell him as soon as I see him.
(13) because 因?yàn)?nbsp;
He didn’t go to school, because he was ill.
(14)unless 除非，如果不
I won’t go unless it is fine tomorrow.
(15)until 直到…
He didn’t leave until eleven. (瞬間動(dòng)詞用于not… until 結(jié)構(gòu))
He stayed there until eleven.
(16)while 當(dāng)…時(shí)候，而 (表示對(duì)比)
While I stayed there, I met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬間動(dòng)詞)
My pen is red while his is blue.
(17)for 因?yàn)?nbsp;
He was ill, for he didn’t come. (結(jié)論是推斷出來(lái)的)
(18)since自從…
I have lived here since my uncle left.
(19)hardly… when 一… 就
I had hardly got to the station when the train left.
(20)as far as 就… 來(lái)說(shuō)
As far as I know, that country is very small.
You may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
II. 例題
例1 John plays football ____, if not better than, David.
A as well B as well as C so well D so well as
解析：該題意為：John踢足球如果不比David好的話，那也踢得和David一樣好。 和…一樣好為as well as. 故該題正確答案為B。
例2 She thought I was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, I was talking about my daughter.
A when B where C which D while
解析：該處意為"然而"，只有while有此意思，故選D。
例3 Would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?
A. and B. then C. or D. otherwise
解析：該處意為"或者"，正確答案為C。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)大全之四：動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)
(四)動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)
I. 要點(diǎn)
1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)
(1) 表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或現(xiàn)在存在的狀態(tài)，常與sometimes, always, often, every day等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：Sometimes, we go swimming after school.
(2) 表示客觀真理、科學(xué)事實(shí)等。如：The earth goes round the sun.
2、 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)
(1) 表示說(shuō)話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，常與now, at present等時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用。如：
What are you doing now?
(2) 和always, continually等連用，表一種經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，常含有某種情感。如：
He is always doing good deeds.
3、 現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)
主要表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過(guò)去，對(duì)現(xiàn)在仍有影響，或動(dòng)作一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在，或可能還要繼續(xù)下去，常與just, already, so far, once, never 等詞連用。如:Have you ever been to Beijing?
4、一般將來(lái)時(shí)
表示將來(lái)某一時(shí)間要發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與tomorrow, next year等連用。如：
I’ll meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.
We’re going to see a film next Monday.
5、一般過(guò)去時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或某一階段內(nèi)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)，常與yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等詞連用。如：It happened many years ago.
6、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)
表示過(guò)去某一時(shí)刻或某一時(shí)期正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
What were you doing this time yesterday?
7、 過(guò)去完成時(shí)
表示在過(guò)去某一時(shí)間或動(dòng)作之前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成了的動(dòng)作。如：
The train had already left before we arrived.
8、一般過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)
表示說(shuō)話人從過(guò)去的角度來(lái)看將來(lái)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：
He said he would come, but he didn’t.
9、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的時(shí)態(tài)，以give為例。
時(shí)／式 一般 進(jìn)行 完成
現(xiàn)在 am is given are am is being are has been given have
過(guò)去 was given were was being given were had been given
將來(lái) shall be given will shall have been given will
過(guò)去將來(lái) should be given would should have been given would
II.例題
例1 I learned that her father ____ in 1950.
A had died B died C dead D is dead
解析：該題正確答案為B。從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作雖然發(fā)生在主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之前，但因從句中有明確的過(guò)去時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)in 1950, 所以不用過(guò)去完成時(shí)態(tài)，而用一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)。
例2 The five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.
A is looked B has looked for
C is being looked for D has been looked
解析：該題正確答案為C。在帶有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)句中，介詞不能省，否則就變成了不及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)，而不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的句子中。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)大全之五：動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣
(五)動(dòng)詞虛擬語(yǔ)氣
I. 要點(diǎn)
表示說(shuō)的話不是事實(shí)，或者是不可能發(fā)生的情況，而是一種愿望、建議或與事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)等。一般常用于正式的書面語(yǔ)中。
1、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣的構(gòu)成
注：如果條件從句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞包含有were或had, should, could有時(shí)可將if省去, 但要倒裝。如：
Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.
2、 虛擬語(yǔ)氣在各種從句的應(yīng)用
(1) 在主語(yǔ)從句中用來(lái)表示驚奇、惋惜、理應(yīng)如此等，其謂語(yǔ)形式是"should(可省) ＋動(dòng)詞原形"，常用于以下三種句型中。
句型一：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…
句型二：It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…
句型三：It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…
如： It is strange that he (should) have done that.
It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.
It is requested that we (should) be so careless.
(2) 在賓語(yǔ)從句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句中，表間接的命令和建議。其謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)+動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
I suggest that we (should) go swimming.
(3) 在表語(yǔ)從句中，表示間接的命令，要求、請(qǐng)求、建議、決定等，主句中的主語(yǔ)通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。從句謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.
(4) 在同位語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)形式是"(should)＋動(dòng)詞原形"。如：
We received order that the work be done at once.
(5) 在It is time that…句型中，其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞形式是"動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去式"或
"should ＋動(dòng)詞原形",should不可省。如：It’s time (that) we went ( should go) to school.
II. 例題
例1 We had hoped that he ____ longer.
A stays B have stayed C stayed D would stay
解析：該題正確答案為D。had hoped表示"本希望"，同樣用法的動(dòng)詞還有think, expect等，后面的句子需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣
例2 "Mary wants to see you today".
"I would rather she ____ tomorrow than today."
A comes B came C should come D will come
解析：該題正確答案為B。would rather后面的從句需用虛擬語(yǔ)氣，用動(dòng)詞過(guò)去時(shí)表示。
例3 Had she been older, she ____ it better.
A had done B might have done C might do D would do
解析：Had she been older = If she had been old. 故該題正確答案為B。
(六)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
I. 要點(diǎn)
英語(yǔ)中有許多短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在意義上是一個(gè)整體，其用法有的相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞，有的相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞，有的兼有及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞的特征。英語(yǔ)短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成主要有以下六種：
(1) 動(dòng)詞＋介詞
常見的有l(wèi)ook for, look after, send for, care about, ask for, laugh at, hear of (from), add to, lead to等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后。如：
Don’t laugh at others.
I didn’t care about it.
(2) 動(dòng)詞＋副詞
常見的有g(shù)ive up, pick up, think over, find out, hand in, point out等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞，既可放在副詞前邊，又可放在副詞后邊；賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則要放在副詞前邊。如：You’ll hand in your homework tomorrow.
Please don’t forget to hand it in.
(3) 動(dòng)詞＋副詞＋介詞
常見的有l(wèi)ook down upon, go on with, break away from, add up to, catch up with等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如：
All his money added up to no more than $100.
After a short rest, he went on with his research work.
(4) 動(dòng)詞＋名詞＋介詞
常見的有take care of, make use of, pay attention to, make fun of 等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)只能放在介詞后邊。如：You should pay attention to your handwriting.
We should make full use of our time.
(5) 動(dòng)詞＋形容詞
常見的有l(wèi)eave open, set free, cut open等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)如果是名詞，則賓語(yǔ)可放在形容詞的前邊，也可放在后邊；賓語(yǔ)如果是人稱代詞或反身代詞，則必須放在形容詞前邊。如：
The prisoners were set free.
He cut it open.
(6) 動(dòng)詞＋名詞
常見的有take place, make friends等。這類短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用作不及物動(dòng)詞。如：
This story took place three years ago.
I make friends with a lot of people.
(7)辨析
give away(讓給，暴露) 和 give up(放棄，停止)
put away(放起，收起) 和 put out (撲滅)
turn up(出席，放大) 和 turn on (打開)
keep out(阻止) 和 keep off (不讓靠近)
make up(編造，補(bǔ)上) 和 make out(辨認(rèn))
take off(脫，起飛) 和 take out(拿出)
II. 例題
例1 It is wise to have some money ____ for old age.
A put away B kept up C given away D laid up
解析：該題正確答案為A。意為"存"；keep up意為"繼續(xù)"；give away意為"分發(fā)"；lay up"貯藏"。例2 Here’s my card. Let’s keep in ____.
A touch B relation C connection D friendship
解析：該題正確答案為A. keep in touch為短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞，意為"保持聯(lián)系"。
例3 ____! There’s a train coming.
A Look out B Look around C Look forward D Look on
解析：該題選A. look out 意為"小心"。
中考英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法難點(diǎn)大全之七：動(dòng)詞不定式
(七)動(dòng)詞不定式
I. 要點(diǎn)
1、 不定式的形式。以動(dòng)詞write為例。
式｜語(yǔ)態(tài) 主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài) 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)
一般式 to write to be written
完成式 to have written to have been written
進(jìn)行式 to be writing
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been writing
2、 不定式的句法功能
(1) 作主語(yǔ)
To hear from you is nice.
To be a good teacher is not easy.
不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而不定式置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。如：It’s nice to hear from you.
It’s not easy to be a good teacher.
(2) 作賓語(yǔ)
通常用于want, hope, wish, like, need, hate, begin, start, remember, agree, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help等詞后。如：I forgot to lock the door.
Please remember to write to me.
(3) 作表語(yǔ)
My job is to pick up letters.
He seemed to have heard nothing.
(4) 作定語(yǔ)
不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，須放在它所修飾的名詞或代詞后。如：
I have two letters to write.
I have a lot of work to do.
(5) 作賓補(bǔ)
通常用于want, wish, ask, order, tell, know, help, advise, allow, cause, force等詞后。如：
He ordered her to leave at once.
He was forced to obey his order.
(6) 作狀語(yǔ)
He got up early to catch the first bus.
He worked hard to catch up with the other students.
(7) 作獨(dú)立成分
To tell you the truth, I told a lie.
(8) "疑問(wèn)詞＋不定式"結(jié)構(gòu)。 如：
I don’t know how to choose them.
I cannot decide where to go.
(9)不定式的否定式。如：
I decided not to go.
(10)不定式的完成式。如：
He seemed to have cleaned the room before I came in.
The boy is said to have been sent to the hospital last week.
(11)too…to 結(jié)構(gòu)。如：
He was too excited to go to sleep.
He was only too glad to go. (他太高興了，樂(lè)意去)
(12)主動(dòng)表被動(dòng)。如：
The book is easy to read.
I have a book to read.
II.例題
例1 I haven’t got a chair ____.
A to sit B for to sit on C to sit on D for sitting
解析：該題選C。不定式to sit on在句中作定語(yǔ)，修飾名詞chair. 因?yàn)椴欢ㄊ胶退揎椀拿~間是"動(dòng)賓關(guān)系"，所以不定式必須是及物動(dòng)詞，故此處on不能省略。
例2 He was made ____. A go B gone C going D to go
解析：該題選D。make sb. do sth. 如果是被動(dòng)形式，不定式do前的to不能省略。
例3 A new factory is ____ very soon.
A to be built B built
C to build D to building
解析：該題選A。is to be built意為"將要被建"。
